Chapter 23

Key Points:


  • Decolonization: A process that started with many of African and Asian countries that were colonized, slowly started to revolt and gain independence from their European rulers. Some of it was peaceful through negotiations with political reforms, investments but some ended up being a little violent. 
  • Indian National Congress: An organization that was created in India in 1885 by wealthy, educated and middle- high ranking Indians in effort to gain a voice in the political party and frame of India for governance, took forever but became popular and came into a stronger effect with Gandhi as a leader and gained independence from Great Britain.  
  • Mahatma Gandhi: Also called "Great Soul", Gandhi who was born in 1869 became a political leader for the drive and effort to lead India to independence from Great Britain. Was part of the Indian National Congress, was well educated, became a lawyer, married at age 13, but still witnessed some racial inequality by the British. 
  • Satyagraha: Meant to be translated to "Truth Force" it was Gandhi's political point of view and philosophy, which made Indians confront, challenge and go against the British government in India, but in a non violent way and through non violent actions
  • Muslim League: The Muslim league in India that was created in 1906, and was also part of the struggle of India's Independence with Great Britain and took a part of the Indian National Congress in some bits, and led to the formation of a new country/nation called Pakistan, after some arguments. 
  • African National Congress: A political party that was established in South Africa in the year 1912 by wealthy, elite and educated Africans. Their purpose was to make South Africa free and gain democratic Independence from the Europeans and as time went by it gained popularity and finally ruled over South Africa in 1994. 
  • Nelson Mandela: He was a major head figure and leader for the movement against the European government in South Africa and became the leader of the African National Congress. He was put in prison for 27 years, but was freed in effort to restore peace in South African but only led to the European government being overthrown and then he became the president of South Africa through election in 1994. 
  • Black Consciousness: An effort to restore pride within African political awareness and unity in South Africa while at the same time looked to be somewhat violent to the white minority rule and elites in South Africa. 
  • Soweto: In this neighborhood in South Africa, a violent uprising/revolt occur in 1976 that led to the death of hundreds of people and this helped inspire and support the movement against the European government but with violent strikes, protests and actions.
  • Democracy in Africa: With the help of decolonization in Africa, they became free but their political frame became bad, often led to poor economies, military rule/coups, and were taken over by single parties that had dominance. This somewhat showed people that Africans were not ready for democracy and that they could not handle or support it. 
  • Economic Development: A risk and effort taken by many countries and nations that were developing to grow their economy, increase living standards, increase production, and this proved that poverty that inevitable everywhere. 

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